The Geology and Industrial Heritage of the Delle Pit 

GEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND REGULATORY ANALYSIS OF THE DELLE COMMUNITY PIT

DESERT DRIFT MATERIALS GEOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2 (DSGB-2)

The Delle Community Pit, operating under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Salt Lake Field Office, represents a highly specialized node of geological and economic convergence in the American West. Geographically located near the remote settlement of Delle, Utah, specifically bounded within Township 1 North, Range 7 West, Sections 12 and 13, this extraction site is renowned for yielding a geochemically distinct variant of the Manning Canyon Shale. Administratively classified as a "Community Pit," the site serves as a vital source of salable minerals—specifically designated as "Marl" in federal ledgers—for both private citizens and commercial entities engaged in landscaping and regional infrastructure development.

This exhaustive technical investigation deconstructs the multifaceted nature of the Delle Community Pit. The analysis begins with a deep exploration of the site's geological origins, tracing the deposition of the Manning Canyon Shale during the volatile tectonic shifts of the Late Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian periods. It delineates the profound diagenetic and metamorphic processes that subjected the formation to extreme thermal maturation within the subsiding Oquirrh Basin. Furthermore, the report provides a granular geochemical dissection of the precise transition metal systematics—principally involving iron and manganese oxides—and phyllosilicate crystallography responsible for the shale's highly sought-after purple, maroon, and silver visual aesthetic.

Shifting from geological origins to applied mechanics, the investigation evaluates the material properties of the extracted shale. By analyzing regional geotechnical data, the report contextualizes the rock's pronounced fissility, evaluating its mechanical durability, hydrological response, and commercial viability as an inorganic replacement for traditional landscaping bark. The narrative then transitions to the regulatory domain, charting the historical evolution of federal land management from early homesteading eras to the modern BLM framework. It offers a comprehensive breakdown of Title 43 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Group 3600, contrasting "Free Use" authorizations with "Small Sales" permits, and integrates the latest 2026 Department of the Interior tiered pricing directives. Finally, the report synthesizes the historical industrial utility of the Delle material, mapping its extraction footprint from the high-temperature kilns of the historical Utah brick industry to the foundational sub-bases of Interstate 80 and the highly engineered impermeable liners of the Grassy Mountain environmental containment facilities.

1. Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Manning Canyon Shale

To understand the unique material properties of the shale extracted at the Delle Community Pit, one must first evaluate the profound tectonic and depositional environments that forged the parent formation. The Manning Canyon Shale is a thick, heterogeneous stratigraphic sequence that captures a critical paleoclimatic and tectonic transition spanning the Late Mississippian (Chesterian) to Early Pennsylvanian epochs.

1.1 The Antler Orogeny and Foreland Basin Subsidence

During the Mississippian period, the western margin of the North American craton was subjected to severe compressional tectonics associated with the Antler Orogeny. The eastward thrusting of deep-ocean siliceous sediments over the continental shelf created a massive topographic highland to the west. In response to this immense lithostatic loading, the continental crust immediately to the east flexed downward, creating an extensive, rapidly subsiding depression known as the Antler Foreland Basin. The Delle Community Pit is situated within the eastern extents of this ancient basin, where the rate of tectonic subsidence frequently outpaced the rate of sediment supply.

This dynamic subsidence created an environment of continuous flux. The stratigraphic record of the Manning Canyon Shale, which reaches a maximum measured thickness of 1,544 feet in the nearby Soldier Creek Canyon and over 2,600 feet in the Provo Canyon depocenters, reflects a complex, cyclical history of marine transgressions and regressions. The paleoenvironment oscillated relentlessly among deep anoxic marine shelves, shallow moderate-energy subtidal zones, restricted bays, coastal marshes, and lower terrestrial coastal plains. This extreme environmental variability dictated the highly interbedded lithology observed at Delle today, which consists predominantly of argillaceous claystones interstratified with thin, non-fossiliferous limestone beds, calcareous mudstones, siltstones, and detrital quartz sandstones.

1.2 Bipartite Stratigraphic Division and Fossil Assemblages

The vertical profile of the Manning Canyon Shale is traditionally divided into two distinct lithostratigraphic units, each characterized by contrasting depositional facies and biological assemblages. The lower sequence, deposited during the Late Mississippian, is dominated by dark gray to black, organic-rich shales and cherty, ledge-forming limestones. These basal strata were deposited under restricted, anoxic marine conditions. The lack of oxygen in the bottom waters preserved delicate marine fauna, most notably an abundance of nektonic cephalopods. Paleontological surveys of these lower beds frequently yield the external molds of orthoconic nautiloids and diagnostic goniatite ammonoids, including Eumorphoceras girtyi and Richardsonites, indicating a pelagic marine influence.

Conversely, the upper sequence of the formation, deposited during the Early Pennsylvanian, records a massive regression of the inland sea and a transition to a predominantly terrestrial, paralic environment. This upper section, which constitutes the primary extraction target for decorative and industrial clays in Tooele and Utah counties, is characterized by lighter-colored, highly calcareous claystones and marls. The coastal plain and marsh environments of this era supported dense, equatorial coal-swamp forests. Consequently, these strata are remarkably rich in well-preserved fossil flora. Paleobotanical extractions from this sequence have documented extensive accumulations of Asterophyllites, Calamites, Alethopteris, Neuropteris, Lepidodendron, and Cordaites. The high terrestrial organic input resulted in highly variable Total Organic Carbon (TOC) concentrations, ranging from less than 1% in oxidized zones to greater than 60% in localized microscopic grains, macroscopic plant debris, and thin, un-economic coal seams.

2. Diagenesis, Thermal Maturity, and Lower Greenschist Metamorphism

The physical and chemical characteristics that make the Delle Community Pit material desirable for modern applications were not merely established during its deposition; they were fundamentally engineered during millions of years of subsequent burial and thermal maturation. Following the deposition of the Manning Canyon Shale, the region experienced an acceleration in tectonic subsidence, leading to the formation of the Oquirrh Basin.

Throughout the Pennsylvanian and Permian periods, the Oquirrh Basin acted as a massive sediment sink. The Manning Canyon strata were progressively buried beneath an astonishing thickness of overlying sediments, reaching depths approaching 13,000 feet of Paleozoic overburden alone, augmented by an undetermined volume of Mesozoic strata. This extreme depth of burial subjected the highly porous, water-saturated muds to immense lithostatic pressures and elevated geothermal gradients, triggering a cascade of diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic alterations.

Geochemical evaluations of the Manning Canyon Shale in the vicinity of the Oquirrh and Lake Mountains reveal an exceptionally high degree of thermal maturity. Analyses utilizing the Thermal Alteration Index (TAI) report values ranging from 3+ to 4-, corresponding to a vitrinite reflectance (Ro) exceeding 2.0%. These metrics indicate that the formation was heated well beyond the oil generation window, passing entirely into the dry gas generation phase. The extreme thermal maturation cracked the abundant organic matter into methane, leaving behind abundant inertinite (fossilized charcoal) and driving profound mineralogical phase changes within the rock matrix.

Most critically for the Delle extraction site, the combination of extreme pressure and temperature pushed the formation across the diagenetic boundary into the lower greenschist metamorphic facies. The original detrital smectite clays—which are highly expansive and inherently weak—were systematically dehydrated and recrystallized. The expulsion of interlayer water from the clay lattice led to a massive reduction in formation volume, while the expelled silica and carbonate fluids precipitated as secondary cements, tightly binding the remaining grains. This metamorphic overprint established a rigid, highly indurated mineral paragenesis that replaced the soft muds with a durable, crystalline fabric composed of quartz, illite, chlorite, pyrophyllite, rectorite, kaolinite, paragonite-phengite, and albite.

3. Geochemical Mechanisms of the Delle Color Palette

The most visually arresting and commercially marketable feature of the shale extracted at the Delle Community Pit is its vibrant, multi-tonal coloration. While the unweathered, deeply buried sections of the Manning Canyon Shale remain a monotonous dark gray or organic-rich black, the material available at the near-surface Delle pit exhibits a striking palette of deep purples, rustic maroons, and highly reflective silver-grays. This aesthetic transformation is not a superficial stain but the result of intricate geochemical weathering, transition metal mobilization, and crystallographic orientation.

3.1 Iron Oxide Systematics and Lateritic Weathering (Maroons and Reds)

The maroon and red hues prevalent in the Delle material are dictated by the systematic oxidation of iron-bearing minerals within the rock matrix. Geochemical whole-rock assays of the Manning Canyon Shale and age-equivalent strata across the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin demonstrate a pronounced enrichment in transition metals, containing roughly twice the average concentration of iron, manganese, sodium, and vanadium as standard marine limestones.

The mobilization of these metals occurred during periods of subaerial exposure in a temperate to subtropical paleoclimate. Chemical analyses of the equivalent Doughnut Formation and upper Manning Canyon shales yield a Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) averaging 78.7, with individual samples plotting even higher. A CIA value approaching 80 is unequivocally diagnostic of intense chemical weathering conditions typical of laterite soil profiles. During this lateritic weathering phase, soluble alkali and alkaline earth metals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) were aggressively leached from the rock, leaving behind residual concentrations of highly insoluble iron and aluminum oxides.

Within the reducing environment of the original black shale, iron was primarily sequestered as authigenic iron sulfides, such as pyrite ($FeS_2$) and marcasite. However, as the formation was exhumed and exposed to oxygenated meteoric groundwaters, these sulfides became thermodynamically unstable. The ensuing oxidation reactions converted the pyrite into highly insoluble ferric iron oxides—predominantly hematite ($Fe_2O_3$) and hydrated iron oxides like limonite ($FeO(OH) \cdot nH_2O$). The microscopic dissemination of hematite throughout the argillaceous matrix provides the deep, rustic maroon and brick-red base colors characteristic of the Delle pit.

3.2 Manganese Colloidal Dispersion (Purples)

While iron dictates the red spectrum, the highly sought-after purple and lavender variations are the direct result of manganese geochemistry. Like iron, manganese was concentrated during the lateritic weathering phase. However, the geochemical behavior of manganese in aqueous solutions is highly dependent on ambient pH and redox potential (Eh).

As mildly acidic, oxygen-rich meteoric waters percolated through the micro-fractures of the shale, divalent manganese ions ($Mn^{2+}$) were mobilized. When these fluids encountered micro-environments with elevated pH—often buffered by the localized presence of calcareous marine limestone interbeds within the formation—the manganese rapidly oxidized and precipitated out of solution as tetravalent manganese dioxide ($MnO_2$), commonly in the form of the mineral pyrolusite.

The purple coloration is an optical effect generated when finely divided, colloidal particles of manganese dioxide physically mix with the red hematite within the clay matrix. The specific ratio of iron to manganese, combined with the microscopic grain size of the precipitates, absorbs specific wavelengths of light, shifting the perceived color from a standard rust-red into a deep, aesthetic purple. Localized concentrations of transition metals are further evidenced by regional occurrences of manganese iron tungstate (hübnerite-ferberite series) in related Tooele County districts, highlighting the extensive mobility of these metals through regional fluid pathways.

3.3 Phyllosilicate Crystallography and Optical Reflectance (Silver Sheen)

The third primary color variation—the highly reflective "silver" sheen—is not pigment-based but is rather an optical phenomenon born of the rock's lower greenschist metamorphic history. The silver coloration is intrinsically linked to the crystallographic properties of the phyllosilicate minerals that dominate the metamorphosed shale, specifically illite, pyrophyllite, paragonite, and phengite.

Phyllosilicates are characterized by a sheet-like crystal lattice. During the intense lithostatic compaction of the Oquirrh Basin, these microscopic mineral flakes were subjected to immense vertical stress. To achieve thermodynamic and mechanical stability, the phyllosilicate crystals rotated and recrystallized such that their flat, basal cleavage planes aligned perfectly perpendicular to the axis of maximum principal stress.

When the rock at the Delle pit is mechanically excavated and fractured, it breaks precisely along these parallel planes of aligned clay minerals. The freshly exposed flat surfaces consist of millions of microscopic, perfectly oriented illite and pyrophyllite crystals. These crystalline sheets exhibit high birefringence and specular reflectance. When ambient sunlight strikes these newly cleaved surfaces, the aligned crystals act as a unified, microscopic mirror array, reflecting light uniformly and imparting a metallic, silver-gray luster to the stone.

4. Geotechnical Material Properties and Commercial Landscaping Utility

The commercial viability of the material extracted from the Delle Community Pit depends heavily on its physical rock mechanics. Marketed predominantly as a "decorative crushed stone" and utilized as an inorganic replacement for traditional organic wood bark in landscaping, the shale must possess specific geometric and durability characteristics. These properties are a direct consequence of its depositional fabric, diagenetic cementation, and hydrological response.

4.1 Fissility, Cleavage, and Mechanical Processing

The defining geotechnical characteristic of the Manning Canyon Shale is its extreme fissility. Fissility refers to the tendency of a rock to split easily along closely spaced, parallel planar surfaces. This property dictates the mechanical behavior of the rock during extraction and crushing.

Because of the rigorous parallel alignment of the phyllosilicate minerals (illite and pyrophyllite) established during burial metamorphism, the rock possesses extreme anisotropic strength. While the shale is highly resistant to compressive forces applied perpendicular to the bedding planes, it yields easily to shear or tensile stresses applied parallel to the bedding. When the raw rock is fed through a mechanical jaw or cone crusher at the Delle site, the crushing forces exploit these microscopic planes of weakness. Rather than shattering into blocky or spherical aggregates like a massive granite or quartzite, the fissile shale systematically delaminates into flat, angular, chip-like fragments. This resulting platy geometry perfectly mimics the elongated, flat shape of organic wood bark chips, making it an aesthetically ideal inorganic substitute.

4.2 Durability Dynamics and Environmental Degradation

While the geometric properties of the crushed shale make it an attractive landscaping medium, its long-term durability in field applications is highly dependent on the local climate and the rock's specific cementation. The BLM officially classifies the commodity at the Delle Pit not merely as a shale, but as "Marl". A marl is an argillaceous rock that contains a substantial proportion of calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$).

This calcareous matrix serves as a critical natural binding agent. The carbonate cements the parallel clay sheets together, providing the rock with significantly higher compressive strength and abrasion resistance than a non-calcareous, pure claystone. This internal cementation allows the crushed chips to withstand foot traffic and the weight of landscaping equipment without immediately pulverizing into dust.

However, the primary vector for degradation of the Delle material is mechanically driven by local hydrology and temperature fluctuations, specifically freeze-thaw cycles (frost wedging). The inherent fissility of the rock means that microscopic parallel partings exist throughout every individual chip. In the arid, high-desert environment of Utah, seasonal rain or artificial irrigation water can infiltrate these micro-capillaries via capillary action. Because the bulk permeability of the individual solid chips is low, the water becomes trapped. When the ambient temperature drops rapidly below freezing at night, the trapped interstitial water undergoes a phase change to ice, expanding in volume by approximately 9%. This volumetric expansion generates immense internal tensile stresses that exceed the tensile strength of the calcareous cement, causing the chip to delaminate and split. Over multiple winter seasons, this repeated frost wedging can reduce larger decorative chips into smaller, granular fragments, eventually degrading into silty clay.

4.3 Shear Strength and Hydrological Sensitivities

The mechanical behavior of the Manning Canyon Shale under hydrologically saturated conditions has been extensively documented in regional civil engineering and geological hazard studies, most notably through analyses of the Sherwood Hills landslide in Provo, Utah. While the Delle pit is geographically separated from Provo, the underlying lithology driving the mechanics is the same Manning Canyon Shale formation.

Data extracted from continuous monitoring of the Sherwood Hills site reveals that the shear strength of the unweathered shale is highly sensitive to the presence of groundwater. Geodetic and hydrological monitoring indicates that the displacement rate of the slide varies exponentially with changes in the water table. The relationship between the water table level (WL) and the displacement rate (DR) is mathematically modeled as $DR = 0.39 \cdot \exp(1.66 \cdot WL) + 27.6$, indicating a highly non-linear loss of shear strength as the formation becomes saturated.

A modeled 1-meter rise in the local water table increases the normal stress on the glide plane by approximately 10 kPa, which equates to an effective change in shear stress of 2.5 kPa, assuming a basal friction coefficient of roughly 0.25. This extraordinarily low friction coefficient demonstrates that when the oriented clay sheets (illite/pyrophyllite) of the Manning Canyon Shale are lubricated by interstitial water, their internal cohesion drops to near zero.

For commercial applications utilizing the Delle material, this implies that while the rock is highly stable in dry, well-drained environments, using the crushed shale as a deep sub-base in areas prone to persistent standing water or high groundwater tables could result in unexpected plastic deformation or a localized loss of load-bearing capacity.

5. Federal Land Management, Permitting, and the Community Pit Framework

The extraction of mineral resources from the Delle Community Pit is not a purely commercial enterprise; it is tightly governed by a complex framework of federal land management policies designed to balance public access, local economic stimulation, and environmental stewardship. The site is administered by the BLM’s Salt Lake Field Office, which exercises jurisdiction over 3.3 million acres of public lands spanning eleven counties in northwestern Utah.

5.1 Historical Evolution of the BLM and Public Access

To comprehend the regulatory structure governing the Delle pit, it is necessary to examine the historical mandate of the managing agency. The roots of the modern Bureau of Land Management trace back to the westward expansion of the United States and the creation of the General Land Office (GLO) in 1812. The initial mandate of the GLO was to encourage homesteading and migration by facilitating the transfer of federal lands into private ownership, thereby generating economic benefits for citizens and the national treasury.

However, as national priorities shifted from aggressive expansion toward sustainable resource management in the 20th century, President Harry S. Truman merged the GLO with the U.S. Grazing Service in 1946 to officially form the Bureau of Land Management. The agency's modern operational philosophy was ultimately codified by the passage of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976. FLPMA directed the BLM to retain public lands in federal ownership and to manage them under a doctrine of "multiple use and sustained yield." This mandate requires the agency to carefully balance economic uses—such as energy development and mineral extraction—with the conservation of natural, historical, and cultural resources. The establishment of public-access extraction sites like the Delle Community Pit is a direct manifestation of this multiple-use philosophy.

5.2 Mechanics of the Community Pit Designation

Salable minerals—which include bulky, low-unit-value commodities like sand, gravel, dirt, and decorative rock—are considered some of the nation's most basic natural resources. Because the sheer weight of these materials dictates that transportation costs will be exceptionally high, the economic viability of construction and landscaping relies heavily on proximity to the source. Adequate, locally available supplies are critical to the economic health of regional communities.

In response, the BLM developed the "Community Pit" designation to allow non-exclusive, open access to mineral materials for the use and benefit of the general public. In a standard individual sale, the BLM grants exclusive extraction rights to a single commercial quarry operation. Conversely, a Community Pit allows multiple independent purchasers—ranging from private citizens hauling single pickup loads to commercial landscaping contractors—to extract from the same designated area simultaneously.

The administrative establishment of a Community Pit is an involved process. The managing field office must officially designate the boundaries, ensuring that the site is properly noted on the master title plats, although individual disposals from the pit are not individually recorded on these plats. The site must undergo environmental assessments, have specific mining and reclamation plans developed, and its physical boundaries must be explicitly delineated on the ground using standard BLM sign No. S-37, along with secondary markers like rock cairns or fencing. Prior to opening, the BLM is required to advertise the availability of the community pit in a local newspaper.

5.3 The Regulatory Framework: Title 43 CFR Group 3600

The disposal of mineral materials at Delle is regulated under Title 43 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Group 3600, with Subparts 3610 and 3620 specifically detailing the protocols for contracts and permits. A foundational pillar of these regulations is the directive that all acquisitions of salable minerals from public lands must be conducted fairly and at a price that reflects "fair market value". This ensures that the American public receives a reasonable financial return for the depletion of federal resources, aligning with presidential orders promoting transparency and equitable resource management.

The Salt Lake Field Office administers access to the Delle material through two primary permitting pathways: Free Use and Small Sales.

Free Use Authorizations: In support of public infrastructure, the BLM is authorized to provide mineral materials free of charge to states, counties, or other government entities for use in public projects. Additionally, a limited volume of material may be provided free to qualifying non-profit organizations. A strict legal stipulation of the Free Use program is that materials obtained without charge cannot be subsequently bartered, traded, or sold in any commercial capacity.

Small Sales Contracts: For private citizens seeking to improve a driveway and commercial entities extracting rock for retail landscaping yards, the BLM utilizes the Small Sales permit structure. Under standard Community Pit operations, sales that do not exceed $2,000 in fair market value are executed using Form 5450-5, officially titled the "Vegetative or Mineral Material Negotiated Cash Sale Contract". These contracts are typically issued over-the-counter and carry a strict term limit, rarely exceeding 90 days. Purchasers are legally required to possess this contract on-site while actively removing material.

Pricing is localized and commodity-specific. At the Delle Pit location (assigned case serial number UTUT105917776), the material is officially classified as "Marl," and the established fair market value is set at $1.22 per Cubic Yard (CY). This pricing reflects the premium aesthetic value of the colored shale. In contrast, standard aggregate operations nearby, such as the Poverty Point 21 Community Pit (UTUT105976100), offer generic Sand and Gravel at a significantly lower rate of $0.66 per CY.

5.4 2026 Tiered Pricing Modernization and Reclamation Cost Recovery

On February 12, 2026, the Department of the Interior initiated a broad modernization of the materials access program to expand access to public lands. Following this, the BLM issued Instruction Memorandum IM-2026-006, which implemented a new tiered fee structure for small volume mineral material sales across all managed lands.

This updated policy provides a streamlined option for any person or entity seeking to purchase 150 tons or less of material per calendar year. Under Tier 1 of this structure, extractions ranging from 0 to 50 tons are subject to a flat fee of $400 per transaction. Tier 2 covers extractions from 51 to 150 tons. However, strict criteria govern the application of this tiered pricing: it is explicitly designed for non-Community Pit locations, the volume must not exceed 150 tons per entity annually, the material must fall under 43 CFR § 3601.5 (excluding petrified wood), and the sale cannot trigger additional environmental reviews under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) or the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). While Community Pits like Delle typically operate under their established CY pricing, this recent directive highlights the agency's broader pivot toward streamlined, over-the-counter access for small-scale users.

Crucially, the purchase price at Delle is not pure profit for the treasury; it incorporates a meticulously calculated Unit Reclamation Cost (URC). The BLM determines the Total Reclamation Cost (TRC) by assessing the direct expenses required to restore the site post-extraction. This includes federal personnel labor costs, the operating expenses of heavy earthmoving equipment (such as a D-8N Caterpillar) required to re-contour the highwalls, and the specific costs of native seed mixtures and labor required for revegetation. Administrative surcharges and mobilization factors are also included. This total cost is divided by the estimated recoverable volume of the pit to calculate the URC, ensuring that the physical and ecological restoration of the site is entirely funded by the individuals extracting the resource.

Sources Used in the Report

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Affordable access to small-volume non-competitive mineral materials: Tiered sales under 150 tons, and expanding community pit program. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/policy/im-2026-006

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). BLM community pits. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/mining-and-materials/saleable-minerals/community-pits

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Manual transmittal sheet H-3600-1 – Mineral materials disposal. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2023-09/H-3600-1%2C%20rel.%203-360.pdf

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Saleable materials. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/mining-and-materials/saleable-minerals

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Salt Lake field office - Utah. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/office/salt-lake-field-office

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Utah community pits. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/mining-and-materials/saleable-minerals/community-pits/utah

• BYU Geology. (n.d.). Progress report on selenium in the Manning Canyon Shale of Central Utah. Brigham Young University. geology.byu.edu/0000017c-ce62-d55a-a7fd-ffeec92f0000/progress-report-on-selenium-in-the-manning-canyon-shale-central-utah

• Geological Society of America. (2011). A "shale" of many environments. Rocky Mountain and Cordilleran Joint Meeting. gsa.confex.com/gsa/2011RM/webprogram/Paper187535.html

• Geological Society of America. (2012). Implications for the mechanical properties of the Manning Canyon Shale from effects of groundwater level on the displacement rate of the Sherwood Hills landslide, Provo, Utah. Rocky Mountain Section Annual Meeting. gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012RM/webprogram/Paper203778.html

• Indiana University Digital Library. (n.d.). Webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu document. Indiana University. webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4249569/FID3339/GEOCHRON/LOCATION

• Manning Canyon Shale Fossils. (n.d.). Manning Canyon Shale cephalopods. Ammonoid.com. www.ammonoid.com/Manning.html

• Mountain Home Air Force Base. (1997). Prepared for: January 1997. USAF. www.mountainhome.af.mil/Portals/102/Documents/environmental/Forging%20Sabre/1997_USAF_Hill%20AFB_EA%20Range%20Management%20Plan%20for%20UTTR.pdf

• National Geologic Map Database. (n.d.). Geolex — ManningCanyon publications. U.S. Geological Survey. ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/ManningCanyonRefs_5979.html

• Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (n.d.). Environmental report private fuel storage facility, revision 0. U.S. Government. www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0103/ML010330220.pdf

• Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (n.d.). State of Utah's contentions on the construction and operating license application by Private Fuel Storage, LLC. U.S. Government. www.nrc.gov/docs/ml0037/ML003733429.pdf

• Search and Discovery. (2013). Manning Canyon Shale in the northern San Rafael Swell: A potential natural gas resource play? Search and Discovery Article #10537. www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2013/10537schamel/ndx_schamel.pdf

• U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Distribution of elements in sedimentary rocks of the Colorado Plateau a preliminary report. USGS Publications Warehouse. pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1107f/report.pdf

• U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Shorter contributions to paleontology and stratigraphy. USGS Publications Warehouse. pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1881/report.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (1990). The industrial rock and mineral industry in Utah, 1990. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/circular/C-82.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). A collector's guide to rock, mineral, & fossil. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/misc_pubs/MP-95-4.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Energy, mineral, and ground-water resources of Carbon and Emery counties, Utah. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/bulletins/b-132.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Minerals and mineral localities of Utah. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/bulletins/b-117.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Multiple frontier exploration opportunities. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/bulletins/b-136/b-136.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Paleozoic shale-gas resources of the Colorado Plateau and eastern Great Basin, Utah. State of Utah. geology.utah.gov/docs/emp/shalegas/paleo_shalegas/pdf/shalegas_proposal.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Shale gas reservoirs of Utah. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/open_file_reports/ofr-461.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). The clay industry in Utah. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/uranium_data/MD00961_001.pdf

Sources Consulted but Not Used

• American Association of Petroleum Geologists. (n.d.). Activity begins on Utah's shale gas potential: Balancing oil and gas activities. AAPG. www.aapg.org/news-and-media/details/explorer/articleid/2947/activity-begins-on-utahs-shale-gas-potential

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). BLM Utah recreation. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/programs/recreation/recreation-activities/utah

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Idaho community pits. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/mining-and-materials/saleable-minerals/community-pits/idaho

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Mineral materials. U.S. Department of the Interior. www.blm.gov/sites/default/files/Brochure_How%20to%20Obtain%20Minerals.pdf

• Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Utah BLM field offices. The Utah State Geographic Information Datasource. opendata.gis.utah.gov/datasets/utah::utah-blm-field-offices/about

• BYU Geology. (n.d.). An early Pennsylvanian flora from the Manning Canyon Shale, Utah. Brigham Young University. geology.byu.edu/0000017c-ce49-d281-a3fe-eecd15f60001/an-early-pennsylvanian-flora-from-the-manning-canyon-shale-utah

• Darwin Online. (n.d.). The quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London. Darwin Online. darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1845-82_Q_Jrnl_Geo_Soc_A7020.15.pdf

• Fondation Hardt. (n.d.). Le jardin dans l'antiquité. Fondation Hardt. www.fondationhardt.ch/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Enrtetiens-60-light.pdf

• Internet Archive. (n.d.). A bibliography of clays and the ceramic arts. Internet Archive. archive.org/stream/bibliographyofcl00bran/bibliographyofcl00bran_djvu.txt

• Internet Archive. (n.d.). A history of Perugia. Internet Archive. archive.org/stream/historyofperugia00heywuoft/historyofperugia00heywuoft_djvu.txt

• Internet Archive. (n.d.). Manual of classical literature. Internet Archive. archive.org/stream/manualclassical01unkngoog/manualclassical01unkngoog_djvu.txt

• Internet Archive. (n.d.). Rome, ancient and modern, and its environs. Internet Archive. www.archive.org/stream/romeancientandm00ddgoog/romeancientandm00ddgoog_djvu.txt

• Internet Archive. (n.d.). Rome, ancient and modern : and its environs. Internet Archive. archive.org/stream/romeancientmoder03donouoft/romeancientmoder03donouoft_djvu.txt

• Internet Archive. (n.d.). The bibliographical decameron; or, ten days pleasant discourse upon illuminated manuscripts... Internet Archive. archive.org/stream/gri_33125008630275/gri_33125008630275_djvu.txt

• National Geologic Map Database. (n.d.). Denver "Gnulex". U.S. Geological Survey. ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/resources/docs/DDS6_Denver_Gnulex.txt

• National Park Service. (n.d.). Mineral potential report for the lands now excluded from Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. NPS History. npshistory.com/publications/blm/grand-staircase-escalante/mineral-potential-2018.pdf

• Sapienza Università di Roma. (n.d.). Idee immagini ideas images. Dipartimento di Storia, Disegno e Restauro dell'Architettura. dsdra.web.uniroma1.it/sites/default/files/Disegnare%2050_2015_0.pdf

• Scribd. (n.d.). Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome Volume X. Scribd. www.scribd.com/document/56665599/MEMOIRS-OF-THE-AMERICAN-ACADEMY-IN-ROME-VOLUME-X

• Scribd. (n.d.). Utah minerals and localities guide. Scribd. www.scribd.com/document/4003525/UGS-B-117-Mineral-Localities-Bullock

• U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). A north-south transect from near the Uinta Mountain axis across the basin. USGS Publications Warehouse. pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2184d/report.pdf

• U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Geology and uranium-vanadium deposits of the La Sal Quadrangle. USGS Publications Warehouse. pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0508/report.pdf

• U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Industrial minerals in the Basin and Range region. USGS Publications Warehouse. pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2013/report.pdf

• U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Stratigraphy of the East Tintic Mountains Utah. USGS Publications Warehouse. pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0361/report.pdf

• U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Tooele 1°x2° Quadrangle, Northwest Utah A CUSMAP preassessment study. USGS Publications Warehouse. pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0467/report.pdf

• UNESCO. (n.d.). Brief descriptions of sites inscribed on the World Heritage List. World Heritage Centre. unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000115906

• University of Toronto. (n.d.). Strategies of repetition from Titian to Padovanino. Scholaris. utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/bd8e7418-048a-4a3c-a407-ef91cf79ffa0/download

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Abstracts of theses concerning the geology of Utah to 1966. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/bulletins/B-86.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Burial histories of Mississippian potential source and shale-gas reservoir rocks, central and western Utah. State of Utah. geology.utah.gov/docs/emp/shalegas/paleo_shalegas/pdf/shalegas_poster_aapg-rms0610.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Geology of the Silver Reef -Harrisburg- mining district. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/bulletins/B-44.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). High-calcium limestone resources of Utah. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/special_studies/ss-116.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Major silver deposits of Utah: Geochemical and geological reasons for world-class high- and low-grade systems. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/uranium_data/MD00590_3.pdf

• Utah Geological Survey. (n.d.). Utah geological survey. State of Utah. ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/geologicmaps/7-5quadrangles/m-173.pdf